In the 16th century, imitators of Albrecht Dürer's style of printmaking improved the market for their own prints by signing them 'AD', making them forgeries. Forgery is one of the threats addressed by security engineering.

Forgery is one of the techniques of fraud, including identity theft. The similar crime of fraud is the crime of deceiving another, including through the use of objects obtained through forgery.

In a hoax, a rumor or a genuine object planted in a concocted situation, may substitute for a forged physical object. Where the prime concern of a forgery is less focused on the object itself – what it is worth or what it 'proves' – than on a tacit statement of criticism that is revealed by the reactions the object provokes in others, then the larger process is a hoax.

A sense of 'to counterfeit' is already in the Anglo-French verb forger, meaning 'falsify'.Ī forgery is essentially concerned with a produced or altered object. This usage of 'forgery' does not derive from metalwork done at a blacksmith's forge, but it has a parallel history. When the object forged is a record or document it is often called a false document. But consumer goods may also be counterfeits if they are not manufactured or produced by the designated manufacturer or producer given on the label or flagged by the trademark symbol. Copies, studio replicas, and reproductions are not considered forgeries, though they may later become forgeries through knowing and willful misrepresentations.įorging money or currency is more often called counterfeiting. Tampering with a certain legal instrument may be forbidden by law in some jurisdictions but such an offense is not related to forgery unless the tampered legal instrument was actually used in the course of the crime to defraud another person or entity. 1825įorgery is a white-collar crime that generally refers to the false making or material alteration of a legal instrument with the specific intent to defraud. On the right, the real sheet of a theatre surimono by Kunisada, on the left with a faked signature of Hokkei, c.

Illegal consumption (such as prohibition of drugs, alcohol, and smoking).

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